| Physiology of Meditation Techniques |
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Results
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The flowchart describes the trial profile (Figure 1). Of the 120 participants, there were 12 dropouts, 5 in the yoga and 7 in the control group due to (a) husband's ill health, (b) transfer to other cities and (c) unexpected events in the family.
Table 2 shows demographic data. At baseline, the data were not significantly different between the two groups for FSH and body mass index (P = 0.11 and 0.07, respectively, Mann-Whitney test), for SLCT (P = 0.528) and all subtests of PGIMS (P value for test I, 0.39; II, 0.49; III, 0.24; IV (i), 0.43; IV (ii), 0,01; V, 0.625: VI, 0.59; VII, 0.72; VHI, 0.98; IX, 0.92 and X, 0.06).
Table 3 shows the results of VCL. The scores on all three symptoms in VCL reduced significantly in yoga group with a nonsignificant change in control group (except night sweats). Mann-Whitney test showed a trend of significant (P = 0.06) difference between groups in night sweats only.
Table 4 shows the results of the SLCT and PGIMS. The values of SLCT improved in both groups. Mann-Whitney test showed significantly greater improvement (P < 0.001) in yoga group (effect size 1.16) than the control group (effect size 0.6). The results for the different cognitive functions of the PGIMS tests are as follows:
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• PGIMS-I (remote memory): Both groups showed significant increase (P = 0.001, Wilcoxon test). There was greater improvement (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) in the yoga (effect size 0.84) than in the control group (effect size 0.58).
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PGIMS-II (recent memory): There was no change observed in this test because the effect sizes were very low (0.01, Mann-Whitney test) in both groups.
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PGIMS-III (mental balance): Yogi group showed significant increase (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test), whereas the control group showed no change (P = 0.39). There was greater improvement (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) in the yoga group (efiect size 1.66) than in the control group (effect size 0.17).
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PGIMS-IV (i) (attention and concentration): Both groups showed significant increase with greater improvement (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) in the yoga (effect size 0.74) than in the control group (effect size 0.34).
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PGIMS-IV (ii) (attention and concentration): Both groups showed significant increase {P = 0.001, Wilcoxon test). There was significant difference between (P< 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) yoga (effect size 0.61) and control groups (effect size 0.63).
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- PGIMS-V (delayed recall): The yoga group showed significant increase (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test), whereas the control group showed no improvement (P=0.36). There was greater improvement (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) in the yoga (effect size 1.47) than in the control group (effect size 0.18).
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PG1MS-V1I (verbal retention of similar pairs): There was no change in both the groups (P = 0.18 in yoga group, P = 0.25 in control group in Wilcoxon test). There was no difference between the groups (P = 0.56, Mann—Whitney test).
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PG1MS-VII1 (verbal retention of dissimilar pairs): Both groups showed significant increase (P < Q.001 in yoga group, P = 0.009 in control group in Wilcoxon test). The magnitude of change within group was more in the control group (effect size 1.23) than that in the yoga group (effect size 0.90).
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PGIMS-IX (visual retention): There was significant increase in the yoga group (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test), whereas no change in the control group (P = 0.39). There was greater improvement (P = 0.01, Mann-Whitney test) in the yoga (efiect size 0.70) than in the control group (effect size 0.14).
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PGIMS-X (recognition): Both groups showed significant increase (P = 0.001, Wilcoxon test). There was greater improvement (P = 0.001, Mann—Whitney test) in the yoga (effect size 0.58) than in the control group (effect size 0.28).
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