PHYSIOLOGY

Semester: I
Sub Code: BNYS T 105
Credits: 4
Hours/ Wk: 8
Total Hrs: 120
Exam Marks: 50
IA Marks: 50
Exam Duration: 3Hrs

Chapter 1: (5 hours)
General Physiology
1. Cell: Structure, Sub-cellular units, Cell membrane & its properties.
2. Transport mechanisms, Bio-electrical potentials, Body fluids & homeostasis.

Chapter 2: (5 hours)
Blood
1. Physical Properties, Composition & Functions.
2. Plasma Proteins.
3. Bone Marrow.
4. Erythrocytes.
5. Hemoglobin.
6. Lecocytes.
7. Thrombocytes.
8. Haemostasis.
9. Anticoagulants.
10. Blood Groups.
11. Lymph And Tissue Fluids.

Chapter 3: (5 hours)
Cardiovascular System
1. Historical perspective, organization of cardiovascular system.
2. Heart: Structure and properties of cardiac muscle, Pacemaker of the heart.
3. Electrocardiography.
4. Cardiac cycle.
5. Heart sounds.
6. Blood pressure: Measurement & regulation.
7. Systemic Circulation.

Chapter 4: (5 hours)
Respiratory System
1. Introduction, internal & external respiration, physiological anatomy of respiratory system.
2. Mechanism of respiration.
3. Lung volumes & capacities.
4. Alveolar Ventilation.
5. Pulmonary Circulation.
6. Organization of the respiratory centers.

Chapter 5: (5 hours)
Digestive System
1. Introduction, organization and plan of digestive system: Saliva, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Small intestine, Large intestine, Gastro-intestinal hormones, Gastro-intestinal movements.
2. Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and Minerals & Water.

Chapter 6: (5 hours)
Excretory System
1. General introduction, organs of excretion.
2. Renal system- functional anatomy and renal circulation.
3. Nephron.
4. Non – excretory functions of kidney: Physiology of micturition.
5. Skin structure and functions.

Chapter 7: (5 hours)
Endocrines
1. Introduction to hormones.
2. Classification of hormones.
3. Regulation of hormone secretion and feedback system.
4. Hypothalamo - hypophysical system & releasing hormones.

Chapter 8: (5 hours)
Reproductive System
1. Male reproductive system.
2. Female reproductive system.
3. Physiology of lactation.

Chapter 9: (7 hours)
Nerve Muscle Physiology
1. Neurons.
2. Muscle: Types of muscles and their properties and morphology, Neuro-muscular junction, excitation- contraction coupling.

Chapter 10: (7 hours)
Central Nervous System
1. Structure and functional organization of central nervous system.
2. Neuron: Neuroglia, functional types of neurons.
3. Cerebro- Spinal Fluid: Formation, circulation, functions.
4. Synapse: Types of synapses and their structure, Sympathetic transmission, General properties of Neuro-transmitters.
5. Sensory physiology: Classification and general properties of receptors.
6. Reflexes.
7. Ascending tracts.
8. Organization of motor systems.
a) Pyramidal and extra-pyramidal systems.
b) Upper and lower motor neurons. 9. Functional anatomy, connections & functions: Cerebellum, Basal ganglion, Vestibular apparatus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebral cortex, Limbic system, Reticular formation.
10. Body temperature regulation: Normal body temperature, pyrexia and hypothermia.
11. Higher functions: Learning, Speech, Memory, Behavior and Emotions.

Chapter 11: (3 hours)
Autonomic Nervous Sytem
1. Sympathetic nervous system.
2. Parasympathetic nervous system.

Chapter 12: (3 hours)
Autonomic Nervous Sytem
1. Smell: Physiology of Olfaction and olfactory discrimination.
2. Taste: Receptors, primary taste sensation and taste path way.
3. Vision:
a) Functional anatomy of eye, extra & intra ocular muscles.
b) Physiology of aqueous humour.
c) Iris and papillary reflexes.
d) Formation and circulation of tears, lacrimal glands.
4. Hearing: Functional anatomy of ear, function of external ear, internal ear, cochles, organ corti, Physiological functions of middle ear.

Text Books:
1. Dr Shirley Telles & Dr H R Nagendra, A Glimpse into the human body, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 2002.
2. Text book of medical physiology - A. C. Guyton.
3. Concise text book of medical physiology - Choudhary.
4. Review of medical physiology - W. F. Ganong.
5. Text book of physiology - C. S. Chatterjee.
6. Medical physiology - K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam.

Reference Books:
1. Practical Physiology - Ghai.
2. Practical Physiology - Ranade.